300317, Sheptycki, J. Non-lethal weapons include batons, tear gas, riot control agents, rubber bullets, riot shields, water cannons, and electroshock weapons. They perform functions that require an immediate recognition of an officer's legal authority and a potential need for force. [45] As a result, the state set a reward to encourage citizens to arrest and prosecute offenders. A paqdu was responsible for investigating petty crimes and carrying out arrests. London was fast reaching a size unprecedented in world history, due to the onset of the Industrial Revolution. This includes a variety of practices, but international police cooperation, criminal intelligence exchange between police agencies working in different nation-states, and police development-aid to weak, failed or failing states are the three types that have received the most scholarly attention. Please refine your search. A notable exception is James Sheptycki's study of police cooperation in the English Channel region,[125] which provides a systematic content analysis of information exchange files and a description of how these transnational information and intelligence exchanges are transformed into police case-work. 26; Latest News. SPD operates within a framework that divides the city into five geographical areas called "precincts". Pea allegedly "paid the men cash and sent text messages with addresses where he wanted them to shoot at the homes," the APD said in the press release. For emergencies, call 911. Religious police may enforce social norms, gender roles, dress codes, and dietary laws per religious doctrine and laws, and may also prohibit practices that run contrary to said doctrine, such as atheism, proselytism, homosexuality, socialization between different genders, business operations during religious periods or events such as salah or the Sabbath, or the sale and possession of "offending material" ranging from pornography to foreign media. Modern police forces make extensive use of two-way radio communications equipment, carried both on the person and installed in vehicles, to coordinate their work, share information, and get help quickly. The average police car used for standard patrol is a four-door sedan, SUV, or CUV, often modified by the manufacturer or police force's fleet services to provide better performance to provide. A range of rewarding and fulfilling career opportunities await you in the NYPD. MESSAGE FROM THE CHIEF In Australia and the United Kingdom, patrol personnel are also known as "general duties" officers. Cooper, "The Evolution of Canadian Police." Discover the men's collection. Police Chief Danny Fox 434.738.6344 Ext. They were private individuals usually hired by crime victims. Today, this is accomplished through evidence-based data and analysis and ongoing community outreach. Studies of this kind outside of Europe are even rarer, so it is difficult to make generalizations, but one small-scale study that compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices at specific cross-border locations in North America and Europe confirmed that the low visibility of police information and intelligence sharing was a common feature. We want to help you find the right job. [140], Motorcycles, having historically been a mainstay in police fleets, are commonly used, particularly in locations that a car may not be able to reach, to control potential public order situations involving meetings of motorcyclists, and often in police escorts where motorcycle police officers can quickly clear a path for escorted vehicles. The Shurta is known to have existed in the Abbasid and Umayyad Caliphates. [57][58] Peel, widely regarded as the father of modern policing,[59] was heavily influenced by the social and legal philosophy of Jeremy Bentham, who called for a strong and centralised, but politically neutral, police force for the maintenance of social order, for the protection of people from crime and to act as a visible deterrent to urban crime and disorder. Quoted in H.S. For other uses, see, Conduct, accountability and public confidence, Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, 1999 CD edition. Presses Universitaires de France / Cambridge University Press. pp. police / ( plis) / noun the police the organized civil force of a state, concerned with maintenance of law and order, the detection and prevention of crime, etc (as modifier) a police inquiry Cities and towns also had night watchmen. Other duties associated with modern policing, such as investigating crimes, were left to the citizens themselves. [152] Although it still lacks a universally accepted definition, the crux of intelligence-led policing is an emphasis on the collection and analysis of information to guide police operations, rather than the reverse.[153]. [52] The idea of a police, as it then existed in France, was considered as a potentially undesirable foreign import. Many slang terms for police officers are decades or centuries old with lost etymologies. (1995) 'Transnational Policing and the Makings of a Postmodern State', British Journal of Criminology, 1995, Vol. The first police force having centralised command as well as jurisdiction over an entire colony was the South Australia Police, formed in 1838 under Henry Inman. It is also the only police force that requires its recruits to undertake university studies at the recruit level and has the recruit pay for their own education. In building the case for the police in the face of England's firm anti-police sentiment, Colquhoun framed the political rationale on economic indicators to show that a police dedicated to crime prevention was "perfectly congenial to the principle of the British constitution". Findings from controlled experiments include the Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment,[154] evidence that patrols deter crime if they are concentrated in crime hotspots[155] and that restricting police powers to shoot suspects does not cause an increase in crime or violence against police officers. The reason, argued Chadwick, was that "A preventive police would act more immediately by placing difficulties in obtaining the objects of temptation." All members of the criminal's tithing would be responsible for paying the fine. In rural areas, the King's bailiffs were responsible for law and order until the establishment of counties in the 1630s. The force was a success after its first year, and his men had "established their worth by saving 122,000 worth of cargo and by the rescuing of several lives". Monday through Friday 8:30 am to 4:30 pm. The word, and the concept of police itself, were "disliked as a symbol of foreign oppression". The use of firearms or deadly force is typically a last resort only to be used when necessary to save the lives of others or themselves, though some jurisdictions (such as Brazil) allow its use against fleeing felons and escaped convicts. WASHTENAW COUNTY, MI A man arrested in connection to a brief police chase in Superior Township and crash outside an apartment complex has pleaded no contest. The earliest English use of the word police seems to have been the term Polles mentioned in the book The Second Part of the Institutes of the Lawes of England published in 1642.[38]. Unlike the stipendiary system at Bow Street, the river police were full-time, salaried officers prohibited from taking private fees. Mitchell. La Crosse Police Department 202 Carolina Street, La Crosse, Virginia 434.757.1223 IN EMERGENCIES DIAL 911 The LCPD Mission Statement: The Mission of the LCPD is to protect human life and property by enforcing state laws, deterring criminal activity and assuring highway and public safety. Two Scholarship Opportunities; BLUEGRASS IN BOYDTON; Broadband has arrived in Boydton; Town of Boydton, VA P.O. [8], First attested in English in the early 15th century, originally in a range of senses encompassing '(public) policy; state; public order', the word police comes from Middle French police ('public order, administration, government'),[9] in turn from Latin politia,[10] which is the romanization of the Ancient Greek (politeia) 'citizenship, administration, civil polity'. By the 17th century, most captaincies already had local units with law enforcement functions. The first such case was in 1855. The constabulary was regularised as a military body in 1337. The shire-reeve had the power of posse comitatus, meaning he could gather the men of his shire to pursue a criminal. [14][15], In ancient Egypt evidence of law enforcement exists as far back as the Old Kingdom period. The marshalcy dates back to the Hundred Years' War, and some historians trace it back to the early 12th century. Other countries have sub-national police forces, but for the most part their jurisdictions do not overlap. Text-to-911 is available in Minneapolis. (1993) Cops Across Borders; the Internationalization of US Law Enforcement, Sheptycki, J. In medieval Spain, Santas Hermandades, or 'holy brotherhoods', peacekeeping associations of armed individuals, were a characteristic of municipal life, especially in Castile. There were also town marshals responsible for serving civil and criminal warrants, maintaining the jails, and carrying out arrests for petty crime. Though not a federation, the United Kingdom has a similar arrangement, where policing is primarily the responsibility of a regional police force and specialist units exist at the national level. [128] James Sheptycki has analyzed the effects of the new information technologies on the organization of policing-intelligence and suggests that a number of "organizational pathologies" have arisen that make the functioning of security-intelligence processes in transnational policing deeply problematic. Hours. Only rarely did Samurai bring their disputes to a magistrate or answer to police. It found that aimless car patrols did little to deter crime and often went unnoticed by the public. [146] Strategies employed by O.W. The original brotherhoods continued to serve as modest local police-units until their final suppression in 1835. In Australia, organized law enforcement emerged soon after British colonization began in 1788. Historical studies reveal that policing agents have undertaken a variety of cross-border police missions for many years. Regardless of size, police forces are generally organized as a hierarchy with multiple ranks. The force was part funded by the London Society of West India Planters and Merchants. Police forces also find themselves under criticism for their use of force, particularly deadly force. In contrast, the police are entitled to protect private rights in some jurisdictions. These districts may be known as neighborhood improvement districts, crime prevention districts, or security districts. We want to help you find the right job. [75][76], In the 1700s, the Province of Carolina (later North- and South Carolina) established slave patrols in order to prevent slave rebellions and enslaved people from escaping. Police typically are responsible for maintaining public order and safety, enforcing the law, and preventing, detecting, and investigating criminal activities. Some countries have police forces that serve the same territory, with their jurisdiction depending on the type of crime or other circumstances. Rioting was handled by local militias. In some cases, police are assigned to work "undercover", where they conceal their police identity to investigate crimes, such as organized crime or narcotics crime, that are unsolvable by other means. [94][95], As conceptualized by the Polizeiwissenschaft, according to Foucault the police had an administrative, economic and social duty ("procuring abundance"). For most of their history the line-up consisted of primary songwriter Sting (lead vocals, bass guitar), Andy Summers (guitar) and Stewart Copeland (drums, percussion). The police who wear uniforms make up the majority of a police service's personnel. These functions are known as policing. Four local Democratic officials in Albuquerque had their homes targeted by gunfire in four separate incidents from Dec. 4, 2022, to Jan. 3, the Albuquerque Police Department said in a press release. Italy has a similar arrangement with the Polizia di Stato and Carabinieri, though their jurisdictions overlap more. Each Australian state and territory maintains its own police force, while the Australian Federal Police enforces laws at the federal level. The interests of public police agencies in cross-border co-operation in the control of political radicalism and ordinary law crime were primarily initiated in Europe, which eventually led to the establishment of Interpol before World War II. Wilson included rotating officers from community to community to reduce their vulnerability to corruption, establishing of a non-partisan police board to help govern the police force, a strict merit system for promotions within the department, and an aggressive recruiting drive with higher police salaries to attract professionally qualified officers. I believe our agency is second-to-none when it comes to capable, professional, and dedicated people who are significantly invested in the safety of the community. [97], Patrick Colquhoun's influential work, A Treatise on the Police of the Metropolis (1797) was heavily influenced by Benthamite thought. In the U.S., the Volunteers in Police Service program assists over 200,000 volunteers in almost 2,000 programs. 19281972", "The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment A Summary Report", "The Limits of Authoritarian Modernisation: Zero Tolerance Policing in Kazakhstan", "Problem-Oriented Policing, Intelligence-Led Policing and the National Intelligence Model", "Intelligence-led policing: A Definition", "The Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment", "Supreme Court weighs qualified immunity for police accused of misconduct", "Star Exclusive: Police ignore SIU's probes", "A Typology of Civilians Shot and Killed by US Police: a Latent Class Analysis of Firearm Legal Intervention Homicide in the 20142015 National Violent Death Reporting System", "George Floyd's death was 'the last straw' for the black community", "Police bureaucracies, their incentives, and the war on drugs", "What does 'defund the police' mean? Yet it failed to produce meaningful results in this country because citizens distrusted police while state leaders preferred police loyalty over police good behavior. For instance, the New York Sheriff's Office was founded in 1626, and the Albany County Sheriff's Department in the 1660s. Incidents such as the 1965 Watts Riots, the videotaped 1991 beating by Los Angeles Police officers of Rodney King, and the riot following their acquittal have been suggested by some people to be evidence that U.S. police are dangerously lacking in appropriate controls. They worked out of Fielding's office and court at No. Thief-takers were also rewarded for catching thieves and returning the stolen property. The military policing responsibilities of the Marshal of France were delegated to the Marshal's provost, whose force was known as the Marshalcy because its authority ultimately derived from the Marshal. In 1749, Judge Henry Fielding began organizing a force of quasi-professional constables known as the Bow Street Runners. Video. [121][122] These terms refer in variable ways to practices and forms for policing that, in some sense, transcend national borders. Calls for defunding of the police and full abolition of the police gained larger support in the United States as more criticized systemic racism in policing. [151], Building upon these earlier models, intelligence-led policing has also become an important strategy. 93100. ", Volunteer Programs enhancing Public safety by leveraging resources, "Metropolitan Police Service Central Operations, Specialist Firearms unit (CO19)", "PAKISTAN Peshawar: noto giurista ucciso a colpi d'arma da fuoco", "Middle East | Saudi minister rebukes religious police", "Dissidents targeted on behalf of China's secret police, US prosecutors allege", "High Policing in the Security Control Society", "Rubber bullets can kill, blind or maim people for life, but authorities continue to use them", "The words 'I thought my life was in danger' allow police to kill black people without fear of reprisal", "Unmarked police cars in Japan use Transformer-style trick when they pull someone over", "The new horsemen: how American riot police embraced the bicycle", "Guide to the Orlando Winfield Wilson Papers, ca. Bodies termed Shurta existed perhaps as early as the Caliphate of Uthman. These units are typically called internal affairs or inspectorate-general units. [39], In feudal Japan, samurai warriors were charged with enforcing the law among commoners. [102] The French policing system spread to other countries through the Napoleonic Wars[117] and the French colonial empire. The court further held that during an investigatory stop a police officer's search " [is] confined to what [is] minimally necessary to determine whether [a suspect] is armed, and the intrusion, which [is] made for the sole purpose of protecting himself and others nearby, [is] confined to ascertaining the presence of weapons" (U.S. Supreme Court). In addition, there are federal law enforcement agencies in the United States whose mission includes providing protection for executives such as the president and accompanying family members, visiting foreign dignitaries, and other high-ranking individuals. The police are a constituted body of persons empowered by a state, with the aim to enforce the law, to ensure the safety, health, and possessions of citizens, and to prevent crime and civil disorder. In some countries separate organizations outside the police exist for such purposes, such as the British Independent Office for Police Conduct. "Frn fjrdingsman till nrpolis - en kortfattad svensk polishistoria". In cases in which such measures have been lacking or absent, civil lawsuits have been brought by the United States Department of Justice against local law enforcement agencies, authorized under the 1994 Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act. The establishment of modern policing services in the Canadas occurred during the 1830s, modelling their services after the London Metropolitan Police, and adopting the ideas of the Peelian principles. police, body of officers representing the civil authority of government. Interpol does not conduct investigations or arrests by itself, but only serves as a central point for information on crime, suspects and criminals. [166], Critics also note that sometimes this abuse of force or power can extend to police officer civilian life as well. A range of rewarding and fulfilling career opportunities await you in the NYPD. [30] In the Inca Empire, officials called curaca enforced the law among the households they were assigned to oversee, with inspectors known as tokoyrikoq (lit. Police detectives are responsible for investigations and detective work. It found receptive audiences far outside London, and inspired similar forces in other cities, notably, New York City, Dublin, and Sydney. [25], In ancient Israel and Judah, officials with the responsibility of making declarations to the people, guarding the king's person, supervising public works, and executing the orders of the courts existed in the urban areas. Many municipalities also formed a night watch, or group of citizen volunteers who would patrol the streets at night looking for crime or fires. The use of unmarked police vehicles for traffic enforcement is controversial, with the state of New York banning this practice in 1996 on the grounds that it endangered motorists who might be pulled over by police impersonators. If a criminal was not apprehended, then the entire hundred could be fined. On March 12, 1829, a government decree created the first uniformed police in France, known as sergents de ville ('city sergeants'), which the Paris Prefecture of Police's website claims were the first uniformed policemen in the world. In many countries, especially federations, there may be two or more tiers of police force, each serving different levels of government and enforcing different subsets of the law. [53], With the initial investment of 4,200, the new force the Marine Police began with about 50 men charged with policing 33,000 workers in the river trades, of whom Colquhoun claimed 11,000 were known criminals and "on the game". McGrath and M.P. The royal edict, registered by the Parlement of Paris on March 15, 1667, created the office of lieutenant gnral de police ("lieutenant general of police"), who was to be the head of the new Paris police force, and defined the task of the police as "ensuring the peace and quiet of the public and of private individuals, purging the city of what may cause disturbances, procuring abundance, and having each and everyone live according to their station and their duties". Detectives, in contrast to uniformed police, typically wear business-styled attire in bureaucratic and investigative functions, where a uniformed presence would be either a distraction or intimidating but a need to establish police authority still exists. [71] In 1920, the Dominion Police, and the Royal Northwest Mounted Police were amalgamated into the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP).[71]. Information. Intelligence-led policing and problem-oriented policing are complementary strategies, both of which involve systematic use of information. The four exceptions to the constitutional requirement of a search warrant are: In Terry v. Ohio (1968) the court divided seizure into two parts, the investigatory stop and arrest. ", a section of the military responsible for policing in both the armed forces and in the civilian population (e.g. [120] These agencies include local police, county law enforcement (often in the form of a sheriff's office, or county police), state police and federal law enforcement agencies. Villages and cities typically hired constables and marshals, who were empowered to make arrests and serve warrants. In the cities, each ward was under the command of a Superintendent of Police, known as a Kuipan, who was expected to command implicit obedience in his subordinates. He also created a Royal Police Guard for Rio de Janeiro in 1809. Tuttle Martial Arts, Tuttle Publishing. The first century Jewish historian Josephus related that every judge had two such officers under his command. In addition, there were special units of police officers trained as priests who were responsible for guarding temples and tombs and preventing inappropriate behavior at festivals or improper observation of religious rites during services. Tender Notice. [71] The Toronto Police Service was established in 1834, whereas the Service de police de la Ville de Qubec was established in 1840. Police aviation consists of helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft, while police watercraft tend to consist of RHIBs, motorboats, and patrol boats. In the second draft of his 1829 Police Act, the "object" of the new Metropolitan Police, was changed by Robert Peel to the "principal object," which was the "prevention of crime. [1][2] Their lawful powers include arrest and the use of force legitimized by the state via the monopoly on violence. Therefore, correcting these small problems prevents more serious criminal activity. The Federal Railroad Police was created in 1852, Federal Highway Police, was established in 1928, and Federal Police in 1967. [40] Assisting the dshin were the komono, non-Samurai chnin who went on patrol with them and provided assistance, the okappiki, non-Samurai from the lowest outcast class, often former criminals, who worked for them as informers and spies, and gyokiki or meakashi, chnin, often former criminals, who were hired by local residents and merchants to work as police assistants in a particular neighborhood. During the early days of English and French colonization, municipalities hired watchmen and constables to provide security. Likewise, some state and local jurisdictions, for example, Springfield, Illinois[159] have similar outside review organizations. [50] Other Scottish towns soon followed suit and set up their own police forces through acts of parliament. The hundreds were governed by administrative divisions known as shires, the rough equivalent of a modern county, which were overseen by an official known as a shire-reeve, from which the term sheriff evolved. In others, such as British police and Canadian police, a regular detective has equal status with regular uniformed officers. "[100] Later historians would attribute the perception of England's "appearance of orderliness and love of public order" to the preventive principle entrenched in Peel's police system.[101]. These religious police forces, which may operate either as a unit of a wider police force or as an independent agency, may only have jurisdiction over members of said religion, or they may have the ability to enforce religious customs nationwide regardless of individual religious beliefs. Henry Fielding's work was carried on by his brother, Justice John Fielding, who succeeded him as magistrate in the Bow Street office. The watches from the new collection are characterised by a unique and distinctive sense of style: enter and discover all thats new! Police Emergency. Other volunteer organizations work with the police and perform some of their duties. [172][bettersourceneeded] Such agencies include the U.S. Secret Service and the U.S. Park Police. [citation needed][105] The argument is that rotating officers helps the detectives to better understand the uniformed officers' work, to promote cross-training in a wider variety of skills, and prevent "cliques" that can contribute to corruption or other unethical behavior. Wilson, a student of Vollmer, helped reduce corruption and introduce professionalism in Wichita, Kansas, and later in the Chicago Police Department. In contrast to a deterrent of punishment, a preventive police force would deter criminality by making crime cost-ineffective "crime doesn't pay". Members may be referred to as police officers, troopers, sheriffs, constables, rangers, peace officers or civic/civil guards. Four local Democratic officials in Albuquerque had their homes targeted by gunfire in four separate incidents from Dec. 4, 2022, to Jan. 3, the Albuquerque Police Department said in a press release. Delmas-Marty, Mireille; J. R. Spencer (2002) [1995]. Perhaps the most high-profile example of this was in 1980, when the British Army's Special Air Service was deployed to resolve the Iranian Embassy siege on behalf of the Metropolitan Police. (2004) 'The Accountability of Transnational Policing Institutions: The Strange Case of Interpol' The Canadian Journal of Law and Society, Vol. Life-Threatening Emergencies Only: 9-1-1. By 1992, with the signing of the Schengen Treaty, which formalized aspects of police information exchange across the territory of the European Union, there were worries that much, if not all, of this intelligence sharing was opaque, raising questions about the efficacy of the accountability mechanisms governing police information sharing in Europe.[126]. [67][68] Bobbies can still be found in many parts of the Commonwealth of Nations. Police functions include protecting life and property, enforcing criminal law, criminal investigations, regulating traffic, crowd control, public safety duties, civil defense, emergency management, searching for missing persons, lost property and other duties concerned with public order. The Macdaniel affair, a 1754 British political scandal in which a group of thief-takers was found to be falsely prosecuting innocent men in order to collect reward money from bounties,[48] added further impetus for a publicly salaried police force that did not depend on rewards. One of the most common forms of religious police in the modern world are Islamic religious police, which enforce the application of Sharia (Islamic religious law). It was in charge of demographic concerns[vague] and needed to be incorporated within the western political philosophy system of raison d'tat and therefore giving the superficial appearance of empowering the population (and unwittingly supervising the population), which, according to mercantilist theory, was to be the main strength of the state. The Vehmic courts of Germany provided some policing in the absence of strong state institutions. In Australia and Germany, the majority of policing is carried out by state (i.e. Their main duty is to respond to calls for service. 4 Autumn, pp. In an effort to police its newly acquired territory, the Canadian government established the North-West Mounted Police in 1873 (renamed Royal North-West Mounted Police in 1904). By contrast, the Peelian principles argue that "the power of the police is dependent on public approval of their existence, actions and behavior", a philosophy known as policing by consent. [60] Peel decided to standardise the police force as an official paid profession, to organise it in a civilian fashion, and to make it answerable to the public.[61]. The term is most commonly associated with the police forces of a sovereign state that are authorized to exercise the police power of that state within a defined legal or territorial area of responsibility. The civilian unit monitored compliance with city ordinances relating to e.g. [70] Established in 1729, the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary (RNC) was the first policing service founded in Canada. [53] Colquhoun's innovations were a critical development leading up to Robert Peel's "new" police three decades later. Problems prevents more serious criminal activity, detecting, and investigating criminal activities with city relating... Of English and French colonization, municipalities hired watchmen and constables to provide security the shire-reeve had the of! City ordinances relating to e.g innovations were a critical development leading up to Robert Peel 's new... The criminal 's tithing would be responsible for investigations and detective work law among commoners more serious criminal activity,. Crime or other circumstances accomplished through evidence-based data and analysis and ongoing community outreach and colonization... Cd edition and constables to provide security message from the new York Sheriff 's Department in the.. Planters and Merchants and criminal warrants, maintaining the jails, and some historians trace it to! Captaincies already had local units with law enforcement emerged soon after British colonization in! Bodies termed Shurta existed perhaps as early as the old Kingdom period police officer life... Law among commoners the word, and the French colonial empire [ 15 ] in... Service and the concept of police itself, were `` disliked as a result, the collection... Enter and discover all thats new the right job force was part funded the. Created in 1852, Federal Highway police, a section of the criminal 's tithing would be for. And preventing, detecting, and Federal police in 1967 program assists over 200,000 in. Do not overlap the criminal 's tithing would be responsible for investigations and detective.... To make arrests and serve warrants for Rio de Janeiro in 1809 the Industrial Revolution Henry Fielding began organizing force! Tend to consist of RHIBs, motorboats, and carrying out arrests for petty crime it found that car... Characterised by a unique and distinctive sense of style: enter and discover all thats new police are to!, Federal Highway police, as it then existed in the U.S. Park police. in,... Street Runners, in ancient Egypt evidence of law enforcement functions ; J. R. Spencer ( )! Almost 2,000 programs private fees the london Society of West India Planters and Merchants other through... 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Law among commoners brotherhoods continued to serve as modest local police-units until their final in... ], in feudal Japan, Samurai warriors were charged with enforcing the law commoners... Perhaps as early as the old Kingdom period usually hired by crime victims aviation consists of and! Complementary strategies, both of which involve systematic use of information police watercraft tend to consist of,... A Postmodern state ', British Journal of Criminology, 1995, Vol equal status with uniformed! Which involve systematic use of information to have existed in France, was considered a! Sometimes this abuse of force or power can extend to police. members... Were also Town marshals responsible for investigations and detective work were responsible for serving and!
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