However, the federal seditious conspiracy law also prohibits using force to prevent, hinder, or delay the execution of any law of the United States and using force to seize, take, or There must be some sort of planned action for seditious conspiracy to be validated. However, he was released early from prison, after President Bill Clinton extended a clemency Jeremy Joseph Bertino, 43, has agreed to cooperate with the Justice Departments investigation of the role that Proud Boys leaders played in the mobs attack on the U.S. Capitol on Jan. 6, 2021, a federal prosecutor said. Decades before the Abdel-Rahman trial, prosecutors secured a seditious conspiracy conviction against Puerto Rican nationalists who stormed the Capitol building. Critics believe anyone participating should be given harsh sentences to ward off future attacks. Subscribe to Heres the Deal, our politics newsletter for analysis you wont find anywhereelse. Its members were acquitted in 2012 after a federal judge found the government did not prove beyond a reasonable doubt the defendants had explicit plans for a rebellion, despite their hateful rhetoric. Once you click your selected plan a window will open taking you to Admiral, our ad-free partner. Rest assured, the government is going to bring all of their resources to bear on this case. Watkins was also found guilty on a count of civil disorder and aiding and abetting because, as she admitted on the stand, she helped push against officers inside the Capitol. "I guess I was acting like a traitor against my own government," Young testified. Two of the men are from North Texas, including the leader of the group who lives in Granbury. It occurs when two or more people conspire to overthrow, put down, or to destroy by force the U.S. government, or to levy war against it, or to oppose by force and try to prevent, hinder or delay the execution of any law. Michael Kunzelman, Associated Press. This includes following the letter of the law and making sure that ones constitutional rights are not infringed upon. Bertino faces a statutory maximum of 20 years in prison for seditious conspiracy and up to 10 years in prison for the firearms charge. Using an attorney-backed defense is the best option to get your charges dropped or reduced. A jury found Rhodes and Kelly Meggs, the Florida Oath Keepers leader, guilty of the rarely used seditious conspiracy charge. Seditious conspiracy is a broad statute that concerns attempts to overthrow the government, levy war against it or prevent, hinder or delay the execution of any law. This is the greatest example in the United States history of someone trying to seize the federal government. In order to win a seditious conspiracy case, prosecutors have to prove that two or more people conspired to overthrow, put down or to destroy by force the U.S. government or bring war against it, or that they plotted to use force to oppose the authority of the government or to block the execution of a law. Required fields are marked *. Members of the Oath Keepers seen marching down the front steps of the US Capitol. There's going to be a fight. Oath Keepers founder Elmer Stewart Rhodes and member Kelly Meggs were found guilty Tuesday of seditious conspiracy when they acted on January 6, 2021 to prevent the peaceful transfer of power from then-President Donald Trump to President Joe Biden, in one of the most consequential trials to follow the insurrection. revolution-minded, conspiracy-bent militia group. Legal experts believe more multi-year sentences will be given as rioters with more severe charges face sentencing. Sedition is a conspiracy to engage in an unlawful act, such as committing treason or engaging in an insurrection. Two of them Matthew Greene and Charles Donohoe pleaded guilty to conspiring to obstruct an official proceeding, the Jan. 6 joint session of Congress for certifying the Electoral College vote. You should speak with a licensed attorney about your case. Seditious conspiracy is one of 57 federal crimes under the terrorism enhancement statute and can carry a 20-year prison sentence along with a maximum fine of $20,000. 2384 dealing with seditious conspiracy and 18 U.S.C. Oath Keepers have been charged with seditious conspiracy, related to the breach of the U.S. Capitol on January 6, 2021. The charges are significant because they allege that the January 6 attack went beyond disorderly conduct and assaults on law enforcement, instead constituting an organized and violent attempt to stop the democratic transfer of power. According to news reports, the last time prosecutors brought sedition charges was in 2010 against members of the Hutaree a small far-right Christian militia group in Michigan. The Justice Department ultimately decided not to go down that road. Treason prosecutions are even rarer than seditious conspiracy cases, and is punishable by death, with a minimum sentence of five years in jail. As a First Amendment scholar, I believe they may also give rise to serious concerns about the rights of others protesting government actions down the road. Opening arguments in the Oath Keepers trial on Oct. 3. Following the verdict, Attorney General MerrickGarland said the outcome evidenced the DOJ's commitment to "holding accountable those criminally responsible for the assault on our democracy" on Jan. 6. Seppi had my case reduced to just an infraction, and thanks to him I was able to keep my job. But theacquittalhanded down to the three other defendants could undermine that narrative and embolden the militia movement. ", It also defines the charge as using force to "prevent, hinder, or delay the execution of any law of the United States" or to "seize, take, or possess any property of the United States contrary to the authority thereof.". The seditious conspiracy law was enacted after the Civil War to arrest Southerners who might keep fighting the U.S. government. The last time the United States prosecuted anyone under the seditious conspiracy law was in the case of the Hutaree militia in 2010, when nine members of the so-called "Christian Patriot" movement were arrested for plotting to kill police officers and attack additional officers at their funerals. In 2014, he killed three people, including a 14-year-old boy, at a Jewish community center and retirement home in Kansas. Photo by Michael Robinson Chavez/The Washington Post via Getty Images. WASHINGTON (AP) A North Carolina man pleaded guilty Thursday to plotting with other members of the far-right Proud Boys to violently stop the transfer of presidential power after the 2020 election, making him the first member of the extremist group to plead guilty to a seditious conspiracy charge. Attorney General Merrick Garland lauded the work of prosecutors and federal agents, saying in a statement that the Justice Department "is committed to holding accountable those criminally responsible for the assault on our democracy on January 6, 2021.". The trial also featured testimony from Michael Greene, aka "Whip," who waived his Fifth Amendment right to testify on Rhodes' behalf. Rhodes could face 20 years in prison. For 18 years we have been exposing Washington lies and untangling media deceit, but now Facebook is drowning us in an ocean of right wing lies. Rehl was president of the Proud Boys chapter in Philadelphia. Closing remarks: 'Why distance yourself from the truth? **Does not apply to Comments, YouTube or any other embedded service ads. In other words, if two or more people have plans to take over the government, they may be charged with seditious conspiracy. Sedition has been defined as a conspiracy to engage in an unlawful act, such as treason or insurrection. Nine people lost their lives as a result of January 6th. Three of the defendants Rhodes, Caldwell and Watkins took the stand in their own defense, with Rhodes telling jurors it was "stupid" for Oath Keepers to go inside the Capitol. This is after he had exhausted his efforts legally in the courts, losing dozens of cases. I Kept 'Empty Folders' As A 'Keepsake', Secretary Who Referred To MLK Day As N***** Day Allowed To Resign, Mike Huckabee Promotes Creepy New DeSantis Book For Kids, Johnson Goes On Fox, Gets Unhinged With Conspiracy Theories. A government exhibit showing people associated with the Oath Keepers. ': Oath Keepers' words used against them in government's closing remarks, Stewart Rhodes: Stewart Rhodes denies planning Oath Keepers' Jan. 6 Capitol riot involvement in testimony. All Rights Reserved. Use tab to navigate through the menu items. as well as other partner offers and accept our. Seditious conspiracy is punishable by up to 20 years in federal prison. The seditious conspiracy case is the most serious to grow out of the Justice Department's sprawling investigation into the U.S. Capitol attack. Seditious conspiracy is a federal offense defined in 18 U.S.C. Thank you. By accessing this website, you are not establishing an attorney-client relationship. For example, if a person suggests a revolution by any means necessary, it is not an attempt to conspireto overthrow the government. Justice Department prosecutor Erik Kenerson said estimated sentencing guidelines for Bertinos case recommend a prison sentence ranging from four years and three months to five years and three months. The mere fact of suggesting the use of force is not the same thing and in most cases is protected as free speech under the First Amendment. A judge acquitted the charge, arguing prosecutors did not prove the militia had a detailed plan to do so. The Department of Justice (DOJ) in 2010 brought seditious conspiracy charges against members of the Hutaree militia, accusing the group of planning an uprising against the government, according to the Associated Press. Other seditious conspiracy cases have fallen apart once they have gone to trial, including the most recent attempt at the charge in 2012. In the case of Rhodes and his alleged co-conspirators, prosecutors may secure a conviction if they can prove, as is alleged in the indictment, that the militia moved from protected speech to planning specific actions including to stop the lawful transfer of presidential power that are not protected by the First Amendment. 4, 1909, ch. In order for the Proud Boys to be convicted of the seditious conspiracy charges, McDaniels said, four elements have to be proven in court. Others have been charged with more serious offenses, such as obstructing a congressional proceeding or bringing a weapon inside the U.S. Capitol. That said, just two of the five Oath Keepers who were tried on the seditious conspiracy charge were found guilty of it, although all five were convicted of obstructing an official government proceeding, as well as other offenses, that carry the same maximum 20-year sentence as seditious conspiracy. Seditious Conspiracy is a serious felony punishable bysignificant fines and up to 20 years in federal prison. If two or more persons in any State or Territory, or in any place subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, conspire to overthrow, put down, or to destroy by force the Government of the United States, or to levy war against them, or to oppose by force the authority thereof, or by force to prevent, hinder, or delay the execution of any law of the United States, or by force to seize, take, or possess any property of the United States contrary to the authority thereof, they shall each be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than twenty years, or both. Prosecutors may also be reluctant to charge seditious conspiracy because the charges may appear to be politically motivated. Most of the harsher sentences went to people who assaulted police, brought weapons to the riot, or threatened politicians. Rioters storm the U.S. Capitol on January 6, 2021, as they failed to block Congress from certifying President Joe Bidens victory. WASHINGTON A federal jury in Washington on Tuesday found Oath Keepers founder Stewart Rhodes and Kelly Meggs, another member of the far-right organization, guilty of seditious conspiracy in connection with the Jan. 6 attack on the U.S. Capitol, a victory for the government in a case that involved a rarely used Civil War era statute. You are not a client until your case has been accepted by Esfandi Law Group and an agreement has been signed. Seditious conspiracy, sometimes referred to as "sedition," is a law that first originated in 1789 to prosecute speech critical of the government. Two North Texas men are among those who were charged with seditious conspiracy in connection with last years assault on the U.S. Capitol. So anti-government sentiment or general calls to action against purported tyrants or statements of that nature dont rise to the level of a seditious conspiracy. FBI Director Christopher Wray on Tuesday highlighted the bureaus role in the Oath Keepers case. Rhodes' attorneys said they plan to appeal that conviction. The group, along with numerous people charged as co-conspirators, were convicted of seditious conspiracy and spent over two decades in jail until Jimmy Carter commuted their sentence in 1979. For prosecutors to convict those charged with seditious conspiracy, they must prove there were specific plans to hinder the execution of the law or seize government property. Oath Keepers founder Elmer Stewart Rhodes and member Kelly Meggs were found guilty Tuesday of seditious conspiracy. Elements of seditious conspiracy include: The government must prove that the defendant in fact conspired to use force. Join the list today.]. PresidentDonald Trump, angry and distraught over the 2020 presidential election, attempted to disrupt the peaceful transition of power to Joe Biden by having Mike Pence refuse to certify the election results. A sixth member of the group, Charles Donohoe, 34, of Kernersville, North Carolina, pleaded guilty on April 8, 2022, to conspiracy to obstruct an official proceeding and assaulting, resisting, or impeding officers. T. he leader of the Florida chapter of the organization was also convicted of seditious conspiracy. Sedition Laws and Freedom of Speech . 678, 3, 70 Stat. Rhodes and Thomas Caldwell were on Capitol grounds on Jan. 6, 2021, but did not go inside. Its nothing different from an old guy at the barbershop talking about theres a fight coming,Greenesaid. This was the worst attack on the presidency ever know in American history, and it is still being written as the January 6th hearings continue. Opening statements in the trial began Oct. 3, and the jury started deliberating Nov. 22. "They claimed to wrap themselves in the Constitution. On Tuesday, Stewart Rhodes, founder of the Oath Keepers, was found guilty of seditious conspiracy in the attack. In 2020, the Trump Justice Department considered charging Black Lives Matter protesters with seditious conspiracy in connection with demonstrations in Washington, D.C., and Portland. Prosecutors in the Oath Keepers trial charged that the militia members conspired to forciblyoppose the authority of the federal government and forcibly block the execution of laws governing the transfer of presidential power. In other words, if two or more people have plans to take over the What is the punishment for seditious conspiracy? A judge dropped the sedition charges before the defendants faced a jury, in part due to concerns about protected speech. "You have to have an agreement to carry out a criminal act. READ MORE: New Zealand declares Proud Boys a terrorist organization. Stewart Rhodes, founder of the right-wing militia group Oath Keepers, was found guilty of seditious conspiracy for planning to violently overthrow President Joe Biden's 2020 Electoral College victory. The seditious conspiracy charges filed against Stewart Rhodes, founder of the Oath Keepers militia, along with 10 other defendants, opens a new and significant chapter in the events of Jan. 6, 2021. Prosecutors also played audio of Rhodes continuing to plot to oppose the government after the Jan. 6 attack. Ricardo Jimnez was a Puerto Rican member of the Fuerzas Armadas de Liberacin Nacional Puertorriquea who was sentenced to 90 years in prison for seditious conspiracy and other charges. Prosecutors alleged that nine members of the Christian far-right Hutaree militia committed seditious conspiracy through a plot to kill a police officer and then attack their funeral in order to incite an uprising against the government. ': Oath Keepers' words used against them in government's closing remarks, Stewart Rhodes denies planning Oath Keepers' Jan. 6 Capitol riot involvement in testimony, Your California Privacy Rights/Privacy Policy. Michael McDaniel, Director of Homeland Law at Cooley Law School, told Insider the case against the Proud Boys would likely carry with it the maximum sentence of 20 years, based on the magnitude of the attack on the Capitol on Jan. 6, 2021. Oath Keepers trial: Leader Stewart Rhodes found guilty of seditious conspiracy in Jan. 6 attack. What Better Day To Start The Process Of Removing Insurrectionist Josh Hawley. Stewart Rhodes in Atlanta on Nov. 21, 2020. Nothing left but to fight. It has since been rewritten, with the current law stating: "If two or more persons in any State or Territory, or in any place subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, conspire to overthrow, put down, or to destroy by force the Government of the United States, or to levy war against them, or to oppose by force the authority thereof, or by force to prevent, hinder, or delay the execution of any law of the United States, or by force to seize, take, or possess any property of the United States contrary to the authority thereof, they shall each be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than twenty years, or both.". The rest of the defendants are from various parts of the country, including Virginia, Florida, Georgia, and Ohio. FBI Director Christopher Wray said the case shows "breaking the law in an attempt to undermine the functioning of American democracy will not be tolerated," andU.S. Attorney Matthew M. Graves for the District of Columbia said it "reaffirms the strength of our democracy and the institutions that protect and preserve it.". While seditious conspiracy is generally defined as conduct or languageincitingrebellion against the authority of a state,treasonis the more serious offense of actively levying war against the United States or giving aid to its enemies. Seditious conspiracy is a rarely charged but serious offense against the U.S. government itself, and not against a particular person as with most crimes. On November 29, 2022, jurors convicted the founder and leader of the Oath Keepers of seditious conspiracy in a joint trial with four other members of the organization. For example, a 2010 seditious conspiracy charge brought against members of the Hutaree militia, which the government alleged planned to wage war against the government, was dismissed because the prosecutions case rested substantially on hateful and offensive speech by members of the Christian extremist group that was protected by the First Amendment. James' As this case shows, breaking the law in an attempt to undermine the functioning of American democracy will not be tolerated, Wray said in a statement. Sign up for notifications from Insider! "Id hang f---in Pelosi from the lamppost.". Jason Dolan testified that he was ready to "conquer or die" and potentially "take up arms" to fight on Trump's behalf. L. 103322, title XXXIII, 330016(1)(N). Seditious conspiracy charges are rare and hard to prove. "Right from the beginning, I thought, 'Okay, this is sedition,' and there's no question in my mind from the beginning," McDaniels added. Seppi Esfandi is an Expert Attorney who has over 21 years of practice defending a variety of cases. Conspiracy charges, which entail planning between two or more people to commit a crime, take lots of time and resources to develop and prosecute. 1089). Prior to the jury's decision on Tuesday, the charge had not been used for decades in the U.S. Some of the most violent rhetoric the government presented during the nearly two-month trial came from the two defendants who were found guilty of seditious conspiracy: Rhodes and Meggs. Truthfully, there was no credibility to Trumps claims, and there is evidence that he was well aware that he lost, yet continued to defraud the American public with claims of a stolen election. History demonstrates how broadly worded sedition laws can suppress protest and dissent. "Great work by DOJ to charge seditious conspiracy and make the case that attacking Congress to stop the transfer of presidential power is a serious crime. Timothy Zick, Professor of Law, William & Mary Law School. Clockwise from top left: Jessica Watkins, Kelly Meggs, Stewart Rhodes, Kenneth Harrelson and Thomas Caldwell. Here's what you need to know about seditious conspiracy. To become an ad-free subscriber please select one of the following two options. The second stack confronted officers inside the Capitol Rotunda, the indictment said. Longer Sentences for Jan. 6 Rioters Likely In Seditious Conspiracy Cases. Extensive planning and tangible action by the far-right militia groups members provide strong grounds for case, experts say. Seditious conspiracy isone of 57 federal crimes under the terrorism enhancement statute andcan carry a20-year prison sentence along with a maximum fine of$20,000. Instead, federal prosecutors alleged that those who entered the building Meggs, Watkins and Harrelson seized the opportunity when other rioters broke into the Capitol. All rights reserved. And in July, Enrique Tarrio and four other members of the Proud Boys were charged with seditious conspiracy in what one constitutional expert calls a "textbook case" of sedition, but the charges themselves face an uphill battle in court. On Jan. 6, the indictment alleges, they entered the Capitol building with the large crowds of rioters who stormed past police barriers, smashed windows and rammed doors, injuring dozens of officers and sending lawmakers scrambling. Another Oath Keeper who pleaded guilty to a nonseditious conspiracy charge gave prosecutors some of their strongest testimony, telling jurors that he was prepared to die to keep Trump in office. Legal experts on Tuesday praised the DOJ for successfully prosecuting Rhodes. A sixth member of the group, Charles Donohoe, 34, of Kernersville, North Carolina, pleaded guilty on April 8, 2022, to conspiracy to obstruct an official proceeding and assaulting, resisting, or impeding officers. The militia members were ultimately acquitted of sedition, albeit with several pleading guilty to less severe weapons charges. When at least two people discuss plans to overthrow or take down the government, Every case is different. Many observers have noted the absence of seditious conspiracy charges in connection with prosecutions of those who took part in the Capitol riot. Bertino also pleaded guilty to a charge of unlawfully possessing firearms in March 2022 in Belmont, North Carolina. L. 103322 substituted fined under this title for fined not more than $20,000. Our team has extensive experience defending federal criminal charges. Overall pleased. Seditious conspiracy was last charged in 2010, when members of theHutaree militia, a right-wingChristian paramilitary group founded in Michigan,were accused ofplotting to kill a police officer and then attack those in attendance atthefuneral. Seditious conspiracy is when people conspire to For an optimal experience visit our site on another browser. Your email address will not be published. Thousands of Trump supporters violently stormed the Capitol to support the President's baseless claims and lies that he won the election on January 6, 2021 in Washington DC. Rest assured, the government is going to bring all of their resources to bear on this case. Rhodes was denied bail, in part because the federal judge overseeing his detention hearing stated that the militia leader had installed elaborate escape tunnels on his property and posed a flight risk. Sedition has been defined as a conspiracy to engage in an unlawful act, such as treason or insurrection. He died in prison last May. The Puerto Rican independence activist Lolita Lebrn and three accomplices entered the House floor and fired dozens of bullets around the chamber, wounding five legislators. The longest prison sentence given to a Jan. 6 Capitol riot participant came Monday when Guy Reffitt was sentenced Please give a one-time or recurring donation, or buy a year's subscription for an ad-free experience. Lawmakers created the seditious conspiracy law following the Civil War. A federal prosecutor told jurors that a "sense of entitlement" had driven the Oath Keepers to storm the building, while another argued that the defendants "took matters out of the hands of the people and put rifles into their own hands.". Michael Kunzelman, Associated Press It was used to charge Southerners who fought against the U.S. government and could continue to do so. Seditious conspiracy often occurs before an act of treason. The Oath Keepers have been described by local Texas media as a revolution-minded, conspiracy-bent militia group.. In the years after the trial, Miller was released from prison and once again became active in the white supremacist movement despite being in the federal witness protection program. 1996 - 2023 NewsHour Productions LLC. Some of these charges carry a minimum sentence of 20 years. Access your favorite topics in a personalized feed while you're on the go. Third, you have to knowingly participate," McDaniels said. If anything is seditious conspiracy, this is it.. Federal prosecutors alleged that the five defendants conspired to oppose the peaceful transfer of power from former President Donald Trump to President Joe Biden, but they did not prove that there was a pre-coordinated plot to actually storm the Capitol. This danger is not entirely speculative. The evidence did not demonstrate a plot to overthrow the government. If you don't mind the ads and would rather donate, please select one of the options below: This Sure Looks Like George Santos In Drag As Kitara Ravache, Tucker Carlson: Rep. Jackson Lee Committed 'A Blood Libel' Against Whites, Ben Shapiro Hopes For An Andrew Tate Rape Prison Romance With Greta Thunberg. Learn more about Friends of the NewsHour. Enjoy ad-free browsing while paying as you go. ", Fla Rep Screams At McCarthy On House Floor, Trump: There Were No Classified Docs. Eleven members of the so-called Oath Keepers have been charged with seditious conspiracy related to the breach of the U.S. Capitol on January 6, 2021. Three other Oath Keepers pleaded guilty to seditious conspiracy; none of them testified during the trial. In the case of the Oath Keepers, the government will have to overcome similar First Amendment concerns. The group was allegedly plotting to incite an uprising against the government. So far, in all 14 cases where rioters were given more than a year-long sentence. Seditious conspiracy is when people conspire to overthrow, put down, or destroy the government. "The prosecutor has to prove that the individuals who have been indicted now knew that this was an activity on behalf of everybody involved. Later this year the founder of the far-right Oath Keepers militia and nine alleged co-conspirators will be the first to face trial on seditious conspiracy charges related to the insurrection at the US Capitol. Accountability is essential to deterrence," tweeted former federal prosecutor Barbara McQuade. However, the actual planning which may consist of intentionally opposing law enforcement, disturbing weapons and planning an intense plans for the their attack which may be used to overthrow the government may be considered a seditious conspiracy. Prosecutors alleged that Abdel-Rahman and his followers plotted to bomb the United Nations, the FBI building and several other landmarks around New York City. Oath Keepers trial: Stewart Rhodes guilty of seditious conspiracy. That is the central or core offense. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/man-pleads-guilty-to-seditious-conspiracy-for-the-jan-6-capitol-insurrection, Maine man convicted of 11 charges stemming from Capitol insurrection, House to vote on centuries-old election law overhaul in response to Capitol insurrection, Jan. 6 rioter who encountered senator in Capitol sentenced to over 4 years in prison, How some members of the Republican Party have normalized the use of violent rhetoric. Chavez/The Washington Post via Getty Images to know about seditious conspiracy cases conspiracy because the charges may appear be! And Thomas Caldwell and embolden the militia members were ultimately acquitted of sedition, albeit with several pleading guilty a... William & Mary law School site on another browser and hard to prove 6 2021! Different from an old guy at the barbershop talking about theres a fight coming, Greenesaid the rest the... Can suppress protest and dissent who stormed the Capitol building to Start the Process Removing. To appeal that conviction a plot to oppose the government after the Jan. 6 Likely... Treason or insurrection was found guilty of seditious conspiracy, related to the breach of the defendants a! And embolden the militia had a detailed plan to do so weapons charges Harrelson and Thomas Caldwell on... Prosecutors also played audio of Rhodes continuing to plot to overthrow, down! Sentences went to people who assaulted police, brought weapons to the jury 's on. Unlawful act, such as committing treason or insurrection by up to 10 years in federal.! Described by local Texas media as a revolution-minded, conspiracy-bent militia group law group an! In Atlanta on Nov. 21, 2020 them testified during the trial began Oct. 3, and the jury deliberating! Third, you are not infringed upon Kunzelman, associated Press it was used to charge seditious conspiracy ; of... People discuss plans to take over the what is the greatest example in attack. Is after he had exhausted his efforts legally in the trial began Oct. 3 Department 's sprawling into... Who might keep fighting the U.S. government Trump: There were No Classified Docs less severe weapons.. Elmer Stewart Rhodes and Kelly Meggs, the government is going to bring all of resources! Two North Texas men are among those who were charged with seditious conspiracy law following the letter the! The attack the charges may appear to be politically motivated for an optimal visit! Conspire to overthrow or take down the front steps of the defendants faced a jury found and... Against the government is going to bring all of their resources to bear on this.... 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